Sizing and Cost Minimization of Standalone Hybrid WT/PV/Biomass/Pump-Hydro Storage-Based Energy Systems

In this study, a standalone hybrid wind turbine (WT)/photovoltaic (PV)/biomass/pump-hydro-storage energy system was designed and optimized based on technical, economic, environmental parameters to provide the load demand with an objective function of minimum cost (COE). The constraints proposed approach are loss power supply probability, excess fraction. allows combination different sources best configuration system. Therefore, compared WT/PV/biomass/battery storage-based This study proposes three optimization algorithms for sizing minimizing COE, including whale algorithm (WOA), firefly (FF) particle swarm (PSO) procedure executed using MATLAB software. outcomes these contrasted select most effective, one providing COE is chosen statistical analysis. results indicate that WT/PV/biomass/pump-hydro storage environmentally economically practical. Meanwhile, demonstrated technical feasibility pump-hydro in expanding penetration renewable other existing systems. pumped-hydro found be lower (0.215 $/kWh) than batteries (0.254 which determined WOA at same demand.